■アジアの水
　私たちが住むアジアモンスーン地域は世界の中でも高温・多湿で雨の季節的・空間的偏りが大きく、欧米諸国と異なった気候・風土を有しています。
　そのため、アジア・モンスーン地域特有の水問題があり、特に洪水や旱魃、水質汚染による影響はアジアの途上国における貧困、経済発展の障害、環境破壊の一因ともなっています。
　まず手始めに、アジアの水問題の基礎知識として、主に海外のWEBで入手した情報ソースから、各国の水事情をまとめてみました。興味がある方はご覧ください。

 

 

 

 

Water Problems in Asian Regions

 

Asia　General

India

Nepal

 

Afghanistan 

Indonesia

Pakistan 

 

Azerbaijan 

Kazakhstan

  Philippine

 

Bangladesh

Korea 

Sri Lanka 

 

Bhutan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

 

Cambodia 

    LAO PDR

Uzbekistan

 

China 

Malaysia

Vietnam  

 

       

Mongolia

   

 

Myanmar

 

 

Asia General

1

Costal contamination and risk on marine habitat due to lack of sewage system and other impact of human settlement (include India/ /Bangladesh/ /Sri Lanka/ /Maldives/ /Pakistan/ and several coastal zones): UN publication.

Reference：

UN publication.http://www.wri.org/wri/wri/wdces/as87_167.html

2

Central Asia: Water and Conflict: Competition for water is increasing in Central Asia at an alarming rate, adding tension to what is already an uneasy region. An annual cycle of disputes has developed between the three downstream countries - Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan - that are all heavy consumers of water for growing cotton, and the upstream nations - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The reports identify the 1) lack of coherent water management; 2) failure to abide by or adapt water quotas; 3) Non-implemented and untimely barter agreements and payments; 4) uncertainty over future infrastructure plans.

Reference：

ICG (International crisis Group) report, May 3, 2002. http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/projectshowreport.cfm?reportid=668

 

目次へ

 

Afghanistan

1

Water scarcity: many regions in Afghanistan suffer from long period of droughts resulting in high level of mortality and health problems especially among women and children.

Reference：

a-Katachel e. V. Asociation for Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan, WAC report, March 2003.
b-Afghanistan: Water a serious problem nationwide, UN ECHO report,

2

Inadequate or lack of sewerage systems: For all its other problems, Afghanistan hasome serious environmental isues including sewage treatment.

Reference：

a-ENN (Environmental News Network), report of March 26, 2003.
b-UNEP, Post-Conflict Asesment Unit, report Afghanistan Post-Conflict Environmental Asesment, online at http://postconflict.unep.ch/actafghasesment.htm and http://www.useu.be/Terrorism/Afghanistan%20Future/Jan3002AfghanEnvironmentUN.html

3

Water conflict with Iran on sharing the river,

Reference：

a-Oleg Petrov (Development Gateway), “Water Res. in Afghanistan”, online at http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/134111/sdm/docview?docid=483924
b-Water Dom, online report, http://www.waterdome.net/News&Bg/Newsql/wwwnone_news_1.asp?PIDNews=52

4

Ecologic problem: Plans from Japan for water projects in Afghanistan have also included the Aral Sea, which ecologists in Kazakhstan (who already have their own plan for the Aral Sea) state that this could cause a catastrophe for the Central Asia region.

Reference：

Oleg Petrov (Development Gateway), “Water Res. in Afghanistan”, online at http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/134111/sdm/docview?docid=483924

 

目次へ

 

 

Azerbaijan

1

Inadequate sewerage systems:

Reference：

Sumgait Centre for Environmental Rehabilitation, WAC report (1), March 2003

2

Water Resources and supply scarcity in a number of regions in the country,

Reference：

Lighthouse Org., WAC report (2), March 2003.
- UNEP (UN Env. Prog. GRID Arendal), “State of the Environment Azerbaijan”, report online at http://www.grida.no/enrin/htmls/azer/soe/ecology/html/major_regional_problems.html

 

目次へ

 

 

Bangladesh

General

 

1

Women Perspectives of water related issues in order of ranking in National Water Management Plan (NWMP) in Bangladesh:
-Inadequate domestic water supply
-Water quality (arsenic, iron and other pollutants)
-Crisis for irrigation
-Poor drainage and water logging
-Scarcity of water in the dry season
-Water born diseases and other health problems (of women and childern)
-Lack of  environment in participating decision making proces
-Lack of flood proof water sources
-Lack of water sealed flood proof latrines
-Culture/capture fisheries
-Inadequate water for livestock, poultry population and kitchen gardening
-River erosion

Reference：

a-Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO), Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh, WAC report(14), March 2003.
b-In consultation with PSTC, the SIC identified WATSAN-related problems, including the state of the tube-well and the lack of a drainage and sewerage system, environmental sanitation, footpaths and waste disposal services.
c-Water Contamination: Arsenic and Fluoride Contamination: Water supply in Bangladesh is primarily based on groundwater sources. Major focal point for the environmental health disaster in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, is groundwater contamination where millions of people are drinking ground water heavily contaminated with arsenic.

Reference for detail:

a-Disaster Relief: http://www.disasterrelief.org/Disasters/981116Arsenic/
b-West Bengal and Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis Information Center : http://www.bicn.com/acic/
c-British Geologic Survey:http://www.bgs.ac.uk/arsenic/bangladesh/datadownload.htm
d-Arsenic Crisis in Asian Region -UN workshop, online proceeding available.
e-United Nation University publications: Arsenic Crisis in Asian Region, online at: http://www.unu.edu/env/arsenic/TokyoWorkshop.htm-
-BANGLADESH UNNAYAN PARISHAD (BUP), WAC report(1),March 2003.
- Brotee Somaj Kallayan Sangstha, Bangladesh, WAC report(2),March 2003.
- Swallows Thanapara Development Society, WAC report(15),March 2003.

2

Floods: Floods also take a major toll on the country. Nearly two-thirds of Bangladesh is inundated every summer after heavier than normal monsoon rains. Coastal Flooding due to cyclone-driven storm surges have killed over a million people in the past three decades.

Reference for detail:

a-DISASTER RELIEF: http://www.disasterrelief.org/Disasters/981116Arsenic/
b-BANGLADEH ENVIRONMENT NETWORK (BEN): http://www.ben-center.org/backgrou.htm (reports link)
c-Gonoshasthaya  Kendra center, Bangladesh WAC report(4), March 2003.

3

International Water Conflict with India: application of the 1996 Granges water treaty,

Reference:

- South Asian Forum of Young Researchers, Bangladesh, WAC report March 2003.
- Gonoshasthaya Kendra center, Bangladesh WAC report(4), March 2003.

4

Lack of adequate water laws and policy for WRM both for irrigation water right and urban supply.

Reference:

- Krisoker Saar (Farmers' Voice), Bangladesh, WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Water Resources Planning Organization(WARPO), Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh, WAC report(14), March 2003.
- PROSHIKA : A Centre for Human Development (see web: www.proshika.org), WAC report(10), March 2003.

5

Lack of access to safe water

Reference:

- GREEN HILL, Bangladesh, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- VILLAGE EDUCATION RESOURCE CENTER (VERC), Bangladesh, WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Population Services and Training Center (PSTC), WAC report(9), March 2003.
- Association for Advancement of Information Technology (AAIT), Bangladesh, WAC(10), March 2003.

6

Lack of drainage and sewerage systems (environmental sanitation)

Source:

- POPULATION SERVICES AND TRAINING CENTER (PSTC), WAC report(9), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

 

Bhutan

1

Lack of access to safe water

Reference:

- Singye Karm (Sherubtse Nature Club), Sherubtse College, Kanglung Bhutan, WAC report(1), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Cambodia

1

Flood affected by the Mekong River flooding during the monsoon season heavily affecting agricultural development.

Reference:

- Cambodian Farmer's Association for Agricultural Development (CAMFAD), WAC report(1), March 2003.

2

Scarcity of water resource

Reference:

- International Development Enterprises (IDE), Cambodia, WAC report(4), March 2003.
- Prey Veng Irrigation Office (PVIO), formerly known as Farmers Participation in Irrigation Development (FPID), WAC report(5).

3

Lack of access to safe water only 27% rural Cambodian have access to safe water, and only 11% have safe water at home, resulting in dramatic consequences on the health of the villagers. They are often victims of water born diseases as diarrhea, typhoid fever, scabies, dengue fever and itch.

Reference:

- Cambodian Farmer's Association for Agricultural Development (CAMFAD), WAC report(1), March 2003.
- Development et Education pour l'Eau Potable ( DEEP), WAC report(2), March 2003.
- GRET-KOSAN, Cambodian, WAC report(3), March 2003.
- International Development Enterprises (IDE), Cambodia, WAC report(4), March 2003.

4

Lack of participatory management in WRM

Reference:

- Cambodian Farmer's Association for Agricultural Development (CAMFAD), WAC report(1), March 2003.
- Prey Veng Irrigation Office (PVIO), formerly known as Farmers Participation in Irrigation Development (FPID), WAC report(5), March 2003.

5

Water quality degradation due to Arsenic contamination:

Reference:

- The United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF), report by Phnom Penh 17 July 2003.
- The University of Maine Civil and Environmental Engineering, online report on Arsenic problems around the globe http://www.umeciv.maine.edu/MacRae/where_is_arsenic_a_problem.htm
- United Nation University, Session report on Arsenic Problem in the 3rd world at the WWF3,  Kyoto March 2003, online at http://www.unu.edu/env/Arsenic/WWFSession.htm

6

New adopted privatization process

Reference:

- GRET-KOSAN Cambodian, WAC report(3), March 2003.
- Prey Veng Irrigation Office (PVIO), formerly known as Farmers Participation in Irrigation Development (FPID), WAC report(5), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

China

1

Water quality degradation leading to waterborne disease (such as Arsenic and fluoride contaminations).

Reference:

- Fluoride and Arsenic Research Center, China Medical University, WAC report(4), March 2003.
- Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, China, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- Xiaoreshui Village Committee, Xiangzhou County, WAC report(18), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.
- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China , WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Keepers of the Waters (NGO), China, WAC report(11), March 2003.
- Guangxi Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, China WAC report(9), March 2003.

2

Water scarcity for urban water supply and irrigation: mainly in poor villages and hilly regions where many small farmers still live in poverty

Reference:

- Gongcheng County Epidemic Prevention Station (EPS), WAC report(6), March 2003.
- International Development Enterprises Org., China, WAC report(10), March 2003.
- Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, China, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- Furong Village Committee, Longsheng County, China, WAC report(15), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.
- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Guangxi Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, China WAC report(9), March 2003.

3

Lack and/or inadequate sanitation and sewerage systems: mainly in poor villages:

Reference:

- Gongcheng County Epidemic Prevention Station (EPS), WAC report(6), March 2003.
- Jinhua City Institute for Research of Eco-Eoilet, Zhejiang province, China, WAC report(20), March 2003.
- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China , WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Guangxi Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, China WAC report(9), March 2003.

4

Lack of access to safe drinking water

Reference:

- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, WAC Report(13), March 2003.

5

Industrial and agricultural wastewater pollution contaminating drinking water supply sources.

Reference:

- NGO Greener Beijing, China, WAC report(8), March 2003.

6

Flood disasters, mudslide and soil-water erosion

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.

7

Drought disasters

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, China, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.

8

Lack of integrated watershed management frameworks and policies

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.

10

Watershed and wetland degradation including River and Lack pollution

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Peihong Minority High School, China, WAC report(19), March 2003.
- Research Group for Forest Hydrology and Water Resources Management, China, WAC report(17), March 2003
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.

11

Poor water education and public awareness

Reference:

- Keepers of the Waters (NGO), China, WAC report(11), March 2003.
- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China , WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Research Center for Eco-environment Sciences, China Academy of Sciences (RCEES-CAS), China, WAC report(16), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

India

1

Drought and scarcity of water

Reference:

- Rainwater Club, Bangalore, India, WAC report(44), March 2003.
- Rashtriya Seva Samithi (RASS), India, WAC report(45), March 2003.
- KERALA RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION AGENCY (KRWSA), India, WAC report(47), March 2003.
- Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA), India, WAC Report(51), March 2003.
- SOCIETY FOR PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT (SPD), WAC report(55), March 2003.
- Society for Social Development(SOSOD), India WAC(58), March 2003.
- Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR), India, WAC(68), March 2003.
- YOUTH CHARITABLE ORGANISATION (YCO), India, WAC(70), March 2003.
- JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI, India, WAC(35), March 2003.
- KRG RAINWATER HARVESTING FOUNDATION, India, WAC(36), March 2003.
- WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH, India, WAC(76), March 2003.

2

Degradation of water quality

Reference:

- PASUMAI THAAYAGAM (Green MotherLand), India, WAC Report(42), March 2003.
- Water and Land Management Institute (WALMI), U.P., India, WAC(66) “Soil and water management”, March 2003.
- YOUTH CHARITABLE ORGANISATION (YCO), India, WAC(70), March 2003.
- Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI), India, WAC(25), March 2003.

3

Water Contamination: Arsenic and Fluoride Contamination: Major focal point for the environmental health disaster in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, where millions of people are drinking ground water heavily contaminated with arsenic. In India, over 66 million people, including 7 million children, in 17 States out of the 32 States and Union Territories are afflicted with endemic Fluorosis. There is no specific treatment for endemic Fluorosis apart from drinking water free from fluoride.

Reference for detail:

a- West Bengal and Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis Information Center http://www.bicn.com/acic/
b- British Geologic Survey http://www.bgs.ac.uk/arsenic/bangladesh/datadownload.htm
c- MAGC Technologies Limited - http://www.magctech.com/problem.html
d- UNICEF publication: “Water and Environmental Sanitation in India” online at http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_4405.html

4

Drought hazard and Water scarcity for urban supply and agriculture. Due to drought and lack of adequate management of available Resources.

Reference:

- Directorate of Irrigation Research & Development, India, WAC report(15), March 2003.
- Society for Participatory Development (SPD), WAC report(56), March 2003.
- VIKASANA organization, India, WAC report(73), March 2003
- Commissioner’s office & Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, WAC R(10), March 2003.
- Disaster Prevention Institute, India, WAC report(16), March 2003.
- Maharashtra Vikas Kendra, Pune, India, WAC R(38), March 2003.
- Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, INDIA, WAC(8),  March 2003.
- Environmental Society of South Assam (EnSSA), India, WAC(18), March 2003.

5

Lack of access to safe drinking water

Reference:

- Commissioner’s office & Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, WAC R(10), March 2003.
- AKASH GANGA TRUST, India, WAC Report(4),March 2003.
- KERALA RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION AGENCY (KRWSA), India, WAC Report(47), March 2003.
- ANTODAYA Org., India, WAC Report(5), March 2003.
- Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR), India, WAC(68), March 2003.
- CENTRE FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH RESEARCH, India WAC(7), March 2003.
- UTTHAN Development Action Planning Team, India, WAC(65), March 2003.
- EFICOR Org. India, WAC(17), March 2003.
- Environmental Society of South Assam (EnSSA), India, March 2003.
- FRIENDS FORUM FOR PURNA RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT (FFPRBD), NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA, WAC(19), March 2003.
- FRIENDS OF ADIVASIS, India, WAC(20), March 2003.
- Geological Research Institute (GRI), India, March 2003.
- Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI), India, WAC(25), March 2003.
- Navdeep Voluntary Organization, India, WAC(3), March 2003.

6

lack of water demand management

Reference:

- Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI), India, WAC(26), March 2003.

7

Lack of safe sanitation

Reference:

-PALLISHREE NGO, India, WAC Report(40), March 2003.
- Human Resource Development Cell, Public Health Engineering Department, Government of Manipur, India, WAC(24), “lack of funding and participatory management”, March 2003.
- Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI), India, WAC(25), March 2003.

8

Lack of waste water treatment and sewerage systems: especially in poor villages

Reference:

- Sulabh Int. Social Service Organization, India, WAC report(60), March 2003.
- Upper Bhima Water Partnership, India, WAC report(63), March 2003.
- Mailhem Engineers private limited, India, WAC Report(39), March 2003.

9

Water Pollution

Reference:

- Punjab State Council for Science and Technology, Chandigarh, India, WACC report(43), March 2003.
- Global care foundation, India, WAC(23) March 2003.

10

Ground water depletion

Reference:

- Commissioner’s office & Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India, WAC R(10), March 2003.
- AKASH GANGA TRUST, India, WAC Report(4),March 2003.
- Rashtriya Seva Samithi (RASS), India, WAC report(45), March 2003.
- Project Management Unit ‘The Swajal Project’, India, WAC(75), March 2003.
- Upper Bhima Water Partnership, Pune (Maharashtra – India, WAC(64), March 2003.
- FRIENDS FORUM FOR PURNA RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT (FFPRBD), NAGPUR, MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA, WAC(19), March 2003.
- Institute of Resource Development and Social Management (IRDAS), India, WAC(33), March 2003.

11

Lack of partnership and participatory management of WRM

Reference:

- Society for Promoting Participative Eco-system Management (SOPPECOM), India WAC report(57)
- Club of Youth Working for Environment, India, “institutional issues”, WAC report(9), March 2003.
-Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA), India WAC report(53), March 2003.
- SOCIETY FOR HUMAN INTEGRITY AND PROSPERITY (SHIP), India, March 2003.
- Society For Promoting Participative Eco-System Management (SOPPECOM), India, WAC(59), March 2003.
- Project Management Unit ‘The Swajal Project’, India, WAC(75), March 2003.
- Dams and Development Council of India, WAC(1), March 2003.
- The Ecological Foundation、India, WAC(62), March 2003.
- Upper Bhima Water Partnership, Pune (Maharashtra – India, WAC(64), March 2003.
- Human Resource Development Cell, Public Health Engineering Department, Government of Manipur, India, WAC(24), “lack of funding and participatory management”, March 2003.
- Institute of Bio-Social Research and Development & North Bengal Terai Development project (Joint program), India, WAC(32), March 2003.
- Interdesign International, India, WAC(34), Delta water management”, March 2003.

12

Watershed, rives and lake degradation

Reference:

- PASUMAI THAAYAGAM (Green MotherLand), India, WAC report(42), March 2003.
-Punjab State Council for Science and Technology, Chandigarh, India, WACC report(43), March 2003.
- FRIENDS FORUM FOR PURNA RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT (FFPRBD), India, WAC(69), March 2003.
- YOUTH CHARITABLE ORGANISATION (YCO), India WAC(70), March 2003.
- Bhoj Wetland Project、India, WAC(74), March 2003.
- WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH, India, WAC(76), March 2003.

13

Stress on the aquatic System and its habitats.

Reference:

- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bangalore University. Bangalore, India, WAC R(11), March 2003.
- PANJAB UNIVERSITY, India, WAC Report(41),March 2003.
- Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists (IAAB), India, WAC(28), March 2003.

14

Poor water education and public awareness

Reference:

- Maharashtra Vikas Kendra, Pune, India, WAC R(38), March 2003.
- PALLISHREE NGO, India, WAC Report(40), March 2003.
- SANSKRITI SAMVARDHAN MANDAL (S.S.M.), India, WAC report(48).
- Shabnam resources, India, WAC report(50), March 2003.
- Project Management Unit ‘The Swajal Project’, India, WAC(75), March 2003.
- EFICOR Org. India, WAC(17), March 2003.
- Environmental Society of South Assam (EnSSA), India, March 2003.
- WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH, India, WAC(76), March 2003.

15

Insufficient approaches for waste water recycling as a solution to minimize river pollution and additional water source for irrigation.

Reference:

- Centre for Built Environment, India, WAC(6), March 2003.
- Directorate of Irrigation Research & Development (DIRD), Pune (under Irrigation   Dep.), Govt. of Maharashtra, India, WAC(14), March 2003.

16

Water project fundin

Reference:

- Human Settlement Management Institute (HSMI), India, WAC(27, March 2003.

17

water and history

Reference:

- Indian Council for Water and for Culture, India, WAC(29), March 2003.

18

Lack of regulatory process in water management

Reference:

- Indo-French Center for Groundwater Research (IFCGR), India, WAC(31), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Indonesia

1

Lack of safe drinking water especially in remote and poor area.

Reference:

- YAYASAN DIAN DESA ( Light of the Village Foundation), Indonesia, WAC(16), March 2003.
- PERSATUAN PERUSAHAAN AIR MINUM SELURUH Indonesia(PERPAMSI), (Indonesian Water Supply Association), Indonesia, WAC(12), March 2003

2

Scarcity of water supply sources and lack of sanitation

Reference:

- Institut Bisnis dan Ekonomi Kerakyatan (IBEKA), in English People Centered Business and Economic Institute, Indonesia, WAC(10), March 2003.

3

Water pollution

Reference:

- Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, Indonesia, WAC(11), March 2003.
- PERSATUAN PERUSAHAAN AIR MINUM SELURUH Indonesia(PERPAMSI), (Indonesian Water Supply Association), Indonesia, WAC(12), March 2003.

4

Lack of participatory management in WRM

Reference:

- Center for Irrigation, Land, and Water Resource, and Development Studies of Andalas - University (PSI-SDALP Unand), Padang, West Sumatra, INDONESIA, WACreport(3), March 2003.
- Center for Irrigation, Land, and Water Resource, and Development Studies of Andalas University (PSI-SDALP Unand), Padang, West Sumatra, INDONESIA, WAC(3), “reform policy in irrigation management”, March 2003.
- CRESCENT (Center for Regional Resource Development and Community Empowerment), Indonesia, WAC(4), March 2003.
- Setulang village, Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, WAC(13), March 2003.
- PERSATUAN PERUSAHAAN AIR MINUM SELURUH Indonesia(PERPAMSI), (Indonesian Water Supply Association), Indonesia, WAC(12), March 2003.

5

Degradation of watershed, Rivers and Lake environment due to deforestation, wastewater pollution, industrial and agro-alimentary pollution, and others pollutant source.

Reference:

- Ambar Asih Group, Indonesia, WAC(1), March 2003.
- LAKENET Indonesia, WAC(18), March 2003.
- Ambar Asih Org., Indonesia, WAC report(1), March 2003.
- Unilever Indonesia, WAC(15), March 2003.
- Setulang village, Malinau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, WAC(13), March 2003.
- DEPARTMENT OF AGROINDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY – FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY – GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY, Indonesia, WAC(9), March 2003.

6

Upstream and down stream conflict management

Reference:

- The Laboratory of Soil and Water Engineering, Indonesia, WAC(14), March 2003.

7

Lack and inadequate policy and institutional reform

Reference:

- Center for Irrigation, Land, and Water Resource, and Development Studies of Andalas University (PSI-SDALP Unand), Padang, West Sumatra, INDONESIA, WACreport(3), March 2003.
- Center for Development Dynamics (CDD), Padjadjaran University, “redefining irrigation management institutions”, Indonesia, WAC(2), March 2003.
- Center for Irrigation, Land, and Water Resource, and Development Studies of Andalas University (PSI-SDALP Unand), Padang, West Sumatra, INDONESIA, WAC(3), “reform policy in irrigation management”, March 2003.
- LP3ES (Institute for Social and Economic Research, Education and Information), “reform in irrigation management”, Indonesia, WAC(17), March 2003.

8

Reform of financing methods in water and irrigation management

Reference:

- Center for Development Dynamics (CDD), Padjadjaran University, “redefining irrigation management institutions”, Indonesia, WAC(2), March 2003.

9

Lack of water storage infrastructures: especially for agriculture.

Reference:

- Directorate of irrigation water management, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- FAO Representation, Special Program for food security (SPFS), Indonesia, WAC Report(8), March 2003

 

目次へ

 

Kazakhstan

1

Surface and ground water pollution

Reference:

- Cultural-Environmental Union “BELOVODYE”, Kazakhstan, WAC report(1), March 2003.
- The Network of Experts for Sustainable Development of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, WAC(5), March 2003.
- Karaganda oblast Ecological Museum, Kazakhstan, WAC(3), March 2003.
- Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC), Kazakhstan, WAC(4), March 2003.

2

Water scarcity and depletion of water levels and hydrologic regime

Reference:

- Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC), Kazakhstan, WAC(4), March 2003.

3

Transboundary pollution, conflict with China

Reference:

- Cultural-Environmental Union “BELOVODYE”, Kazakhstan, WAC report(1), March 2003.

4

Lack of adequate sewage systems

Reference:

- The Network of Experts for Sustainable Development of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, WAC(5), March 2003.

5

Watershed, Lake and rivers’ ecosystem degradation

Reference:

- Ecological Union of Kazakhstan “TABIGAT”, Kazakhstan, WAC(2), March  2003.
- Karaganda oblast Ecological Museum, Kazakhstan, WAC(3), March 2003.
- Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC), Kazakhstan, WAC(4), March 2003.

6

Lack of adequate legislation

Reference:

- Karaganda oblast Ecological Museum, Kazakhstan, WAC(3), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Korea

1

Lack of adequate water supply

Reference:

- Association for Monitoring Natural Environment(AMONE), Korea WAC report(1), March 2003.

2

scarcity of Water resources

Reference:

- Korean Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (KRCSA), Korea WAC report(2), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Kyrgyzstan

1

Lack of access to adequate water supply and sanitation

Reference:

- Central Asian Alliance for Water, Kyrgyzstan, WAC report(1), March 2003.

2

Water pollution

Reference:

- Social Foundation “Fragile Peace”, Kyrgyzstan, WAC report(2), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

LAO PDR

1

Safe access to water suppl

Reference:

- National Centre For Environmental Health and Water Supply, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR, WAC(1)

2

Private contribution in process

Reference:

- National Centre For Environmental Health and Water Supply, Ministry of Health, Lao PDR, WAC(1)

 

目次へ

 

Malaysia

1

Poor water quality

Reference:

- Greenfield Consulting, Malaysia, WAC report(1), March 2003

2

lack of wastewater treatments

Reference:

- Greenfield Consulting, Malaysia, WAC report(1), March 2003

3

Lack of capacity building

Reference:

- The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for The Southeast Asia and The Pacific (HTC Kuala Lumpur), Malaysia, WAC(2), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Mongolia

1

Scarcity of water resources

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.

2

Depletion of water level and change of hydrologic regime.

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.
- ONGI RIVER NEIGHBOURHOOD MOVEMENT (ORNM), Mongolia, WAC(2), March 2003.

3

Water pollution

Reference:

- ONGI RIVER NEIGHBOURHOOD MOVEMENT (ORNM), Mongolia, WAC(2), March 2003.

4

Low water quality

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.

5

lack or inadequate wastewater treatment

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.

6

Lack of participatory management including gender enhancement in water initiatives

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.

7

Lack of water education and public awareness

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.
- ONGI RIVER NEIGHBOURHOOD MOVEMENT (ORNM), Mongolia, WAC(2), March 2003.

8

Lack of integrated and comprehensive national environmental policy

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.

9

Lack of private sector involvement

Reference:

- NGO’s network “Global-Alliance” Tov province, Zuunmod city, Mongolia, WAC(1), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

 

Myanmar

1

Water shortages and inadequate rural water supply, especially in remote and poor areas.

Reference:

- Myanmar Water and Forest Resources:, WAC(4), March 2003.
- Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association (FREDA), Myanmar, WAC(2), March 2003.
- INGO – UN WATSAN THEME GROUP Myanmar, WAC(3), March 2003.

2

Lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation resulting in several cases of water born disease.

Reference:

- INGO – UN WATSAN THEME GROUP Myanmar, WAC(3), March 2003.

3

Poor water quality leading to number of water born disease

Reference:

- Myanmar Water and Forest Resources:, WAC(4), March 2003.

4

Lack of water education and public awareness

Reference:

- Myanmar Water and Forest Resource, Myanmar, WAC(4), March 2003.

5

Watershed, lake and river environment degradation due to deforestation and number of pollution sources

Reference:

- Myanmar Water and Forest Resource, Myanmar, WAC(4), March 2003.
- Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association (FREDA), Myanmar, WAC(2), March 2003.

6

Soil erosion due to rain water

Reference:

- Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association (FREDA), Myanmar, WAC(2), March 2003.

7

Siltation of lake and reservoirs

Reference:

- Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association (FREDA), Myanmar, WAC(2), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Nepal

1

Unequal water distribution among users due to lack of adequate regulation. The agricultural sector has adopted a new framework (use, policy and regulation) to optimize agricultural productivity through the expansion of groundwater-irrigated agriculture (see ref. b).

Reference:

a- National Federation of Irrigation Water User Association, Nepal, WAC Report(6), March 2003
b- Project Management Unit, Groundwater Division, Department of Irrigation, Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR), WAC(11), March 2003.
- Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) Promotion Trust, “recognition of traditions and culture of innovative nature and originality”, WAC(4), March 2003.

2

Scarcity of water resources

Reference:

- Society Of Local Volunteers' Effort ( SOLVE ), Nepal、WAC(10), March 2003.
- Center for Rural Technology, Nepal, WAC(1), March 2003.
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Pakistan, WAC(9), March 2003.

3

Lack of access to safe drinking water (low water quality, such as pathogen contamination) and lack of sanitation (such as latrine) resulting in a number of cases of water born disease. Each year around 28,000 children die in Nepal before reaching their fifth birthday due to water related diseases and poor sanitation See (Ref. e-).

Reference:

a- Society Of Local Volunteers' Effort ( SOLVE ), Nepal、WAC(10), March 2003.
b- Safe Water and Environmental Conservation Group,  Nepal, WAC(9), March 2003.
c- Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO), WAC(3), March 2003.
d- International Development Enterprises (IDE), Nepal, WAC(5), March 2003.
e- Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH), Nepal, WAC(7), March 2003.
f- Center for Rural Technology, Nepal, WAC(1), March 2003.
g- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Pakistan, WAC(9), March 2003.

4

Improper water supply systems

Reference:

- Department of Irrigation, Jawlakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal, WAC(2), March 2003.
- FINCON – The Consultants, Pakistan, WAC(7), March 2003.

5

Lack of wastewater treatment plant

Reference:

- Safe Water and Environmental Conservation Group,  Nepal, WAC(9), March 2003.

6

Surface and ground water pollution due to discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater into water bodies as well as natural contamination of groundwater mainly by arsenic

Reference:

- Department of Irrigation, Jawlakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal, WAC(2), March 2003.
- Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO), WAC(3), March 2003.
- Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO), WAC(3), March 2003.
- Farmer Managed Irrigation Systems (FMIS) Promotion Trust, “recognition of traditions and culture of innovative nature and originality”, WAC(4), March 2003.

7

Lack of participatory management including gender empowerment.

Reference:

- Department of Irrigation, Jawlakhel, Lalitpur, Nepal, WAC(2), March 2003.
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Pakistan, WAC(9), March 2003.

8

Watershed, lakes and river degradation due mainly to deforestation

Reference:

- Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH), Nepal, WAC(7), March 2003.

9

Lack of water education and public awareness on issues such as water saving, impact of water quality on health and so.

Reference:

- Safe Water and Environmental Conservation Group,  Nepal, WAC(9), March 2003.
- Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO), Nepal, WAC(3), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Pakistan

1

Lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation services. Currently 97% of the fresh water in Pakistan is used in the agriculture sector and only 3% is available for domestic and industrial use (Ref.b).

Reference:

a- Anjuman Samaji Behbood (ASB) Faisalabad, Pakistan, WAC(1), March 2003.
b- Applied Socioeconomic Research (ASR) Resource Center, Pakistan, WAC(2), March 2003.
- NCC-Pakistan, WAC(13), March 2003.
- Center for Sustainable Development Actions (CSDA), Sri Lanka, WAC(15), March 2003.

2

Water scarcity for urban water supply and agriculture

Reference:

- Bogor Agricultural University, Nepal, WAC(3), March 2003.
- Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, PAKISTAN、WAC(6), March 2003.
- Society for Conservation and Protection of Environment (SCOPE), Pakistan, WAC(16), March 2003.
- Institute of Irrigation And Drainage Engineering, Mehran University Of Engineering And Technology JAMSHORO, SINDH, PAKISTAN, WAC(12), “water for irrigation” March 2003.
- NCC-Pakistan, WAC(13), March 2003.
- Sindh Agricultural & Forestry Coordinating Organization (SAFWCO), Pakistan, “irrigation surface supply”, WAC(11), March 2003.

3

Flood disasters

Reference:

- FLOOD FORECASTING DIVISION, Pakistan, WAC(8), March 2003.
- NCC-Pakistan, WAC(13), March 2003.

4

Lack of wastewater treatment facilities

Reference:

- Applied Socioeconomic Research (ASR) Resource Center, Pakistan, WAC(2), March 2003.

5

Watershed, lakes and rivers degradation

Reference:

- Applied Socioeconomic Research (ASR) Resource Center, Pakistan, WAC(2), March 2003.

6

Poor drinking water quality leading to chronic gastric and skin diseases

Reference:

- Anjuman Samaji Behbood (ASB) Faisalabad, Pakistan, WAC(1), March 2003.
- NGO NETWORK WELFARE ASSOCIATION, Pakistan, WAC(14), March 2003.
- Center for Sustainable Development Actions (CSDA), Sri Lanka, WAC(15), March 2003.

7

Lack of water supply systems

Reference:

- Applied Socioeconomic Research (ASR) Resource Center, Pakistan, WAC(2), March 2003.
- Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan, WAC(5), March 2003.

8

Surface and ground Water pollution due to natural or human made activities such as agricultural and industrial affluent into water bodies

Reference:

- Applied Socioeconomic Research (ASR) Resource Center, Pakistan, WAC(2), March 2003.
- SOUTHERN DISTRICTS AREA WATER PARTNERSHIP (N.W.F.P), PAKISTAN, WAC(17), March 2003.
- NGO NETWORK WELFARE ASSOCIATION, Pakistan, WAC(14), March 2003.

9

Lack of proper participatory management especially for agriculture water managemen

Reference:

- Applied Socioeconomic Research (ASR) Resource Center, Pakistan, WAC(2), March 2003.
- Bunyad Literacy Council, NGO, Pakistan, “GR/C/PIDA/Proposal Intro. Of GC”, WAC(4), March 2003.
- INSTITUTE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING, MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO, SINDH, PAKISTAN, WAC(12), March 2003.

10

Lack of water education and public awareness

Reference:

- SOUTHERN DISTRICTS AREA WATER PARTNERSHIP (N.W.F.P), PAKISTAN, WAC(17), March 2003.
- NGO NETWORK WELFARE ASSOCIATION, Pakistan, WAC(14), March 2003.
- INSTITUTE OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING, MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY JAMSHORO, SINDH, PAKISTAN, WAC(12), March 2003.
- Center for Sustainable Development Actions (CSDA), Sri Lanka, WAC(15), March 2003.

11

Lack of mandatory law and institutional strength

Reference:

- The Network for Consumer Protection in Pakistan, WAC report(18), March 2003.
- FINCON – The Consultants, Pakistan, WAC(7), March 2003.
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI), “institutional reform for agricultural water use and Irrigation Management Transfer”, WAC(10), March 2003.
- SOUTHERN DISTRICTS AREA WATER PARTNERSHIP (N.W.F.P), PAKISTAN, WAC(17), March 2003.
- Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA), Hyderabad, Pakistan, “Institutional reforms in irrigation and drainage reforms” WAC(15), March 2003.

12

Inadequate financial and managerial aspects

Reference:

- Sindh Agricultural & Forestry Coordinating Organization (SAFWCO), Pakistan, WAC(11), March 2003

 

目次へ

 

Philippine

1

Flood

Reference:

- On 13 Jul 2002, more than 100 death, 10,000 affected people http://www.cybervox.org/archive/stormreports/200206-200207/0069.html

2

Water scarcity

Reference:

- Center for Environmental Awareness and Education, Philippines, WAC(7), March 2003.
- Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Philippines, WAC(6), March 2003.

3

Changing of hydrologic regime and water deficiency

Reference:

- Center for Environmental Awareness and Education, Philippines, WAC(7), March 2003.
- Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Philippines, WAC(6), March 2003.

4

Lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation especially in remote areas (far flung municipalities)

Reference:

- Alternative Indigenous Development Foundation (AID Foundation), Philippine, WAC(5), March 2003.
- University of San Carlos-Water Resources Center (USC-WRC), WAC(18), March 2003.
- Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation – International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF), Philippine, WAC(2), March 2003.
- Provincial Planning and Development Office,  Bohol,  Philippines, WAC(3), March 2003
- Fellowship for Organizing Endeavors, Inc. (FORGE), Philippines, WAC(9), March 2003.
- WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH, Philippines, WAC(18), March 2003.
- Lanao Foundation, Inc. (LFI), Philippines, WAC(16), March 2003.

5

Problem with access and equitable distribution of water for different users

Reference:

- Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Philippines, WAC(6), March 2003.

6

Inadequate irrigation managemen

Reference:

- Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), Philippines, WAC(6), March 2003.
- Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice), Philippines, WAC(17), March 2003.

7

Watershed, lakes, rivers and other fresh sources degradation due to deforestation and waste effluent into the water bodies

Reference:

- Davao City Water District,  Philippines, “Deforestation and Siltation problems”, WAC(8), March 2003.
- Center for Environmental Awareness and Education, Philippines, WAC(7), March 2003.
- LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, WAC(14), March 2003.
- LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, WAC(15), March 2003.

8

Degradation of the ecosystem and aqua-life due to human factors

Reference:

- Island Garden City of Samal (IGaCoS) – a local government unit, a component city of Davao del Norte Province in the PHILIPPINES, WAC(12), March 2003.

9

Undeveloped participatory management process

Reference:

- Philippine Center for Water and Sanitation – International Training Network Foundation (PCWS-ITNF), Philippine, WAC(2), March 2003.

10

Lack of water education and public awareness

Reference:

- Center for Environmental Awareness and Education, Philippines, WAC(7), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Sri Lanka

1

Water scarcity especially in poor and remote villages due to lack of storing capacity (not hydrological scarcity) and creation of productive water.

Reference:

- Lanka Water Partnership (LWP), Sri Lanka, WAC(5), March 2003.

2

Lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation services

Reference:

- National Water Supply & Drainage Board of Sri Lanka, WAC(19), March 2003.
- Mahaoya Mituro (Friends of Mahaoya), Sri Lanka, WAC(7), March 2003.
- Institute for Development of Community Strengths. (INDECOS), Sri Lanka, WAC(17), March 2003.
- Co-Operative Thrift and Credit Society (SANASA)- THUNKORALE, Sri Lanka, WAC(1), March 2003.
- National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWS&DB), Sri Lanka, WAC(10), March 2003.
- NGOs Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Service, Sri Lanka, WAC(14), March 2003.

3

Watershed, Lakes and rivers degradation due manly to agricultural, industrial and other pollutants effluent into water bodies.

Reference:

- National Water Supply & Drainage Board of Sri Lanka, WAC(19), March 2003.
- Mahaoya Mituro (Friends of Mahaoya), Sri Lanka, WAC(7), March 2003.
- Institute for Development of Community Strengths. (INDECOS), Sri Lanka, WAC(17), March 2003.

4

Water sharing and water conflict issues

Reference:

- National Water Supply & Drainage Board of Sri Lanka, WAC(19), March 2003.

5

Soil erosion due to lack of water irrigation saving practices:

Reference:

- Environment and forest conservation org., Sri Lanka, WAC report(2), March 2003.
- Environment and Forest Conservation Division of Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka, WAC(16), March 2003.

6

Wetland water pollution affecting wild and fish habitats

Reference:

- Saviya development Foundation, Sri Lanka, WAC report(12), March 2003.

7

Lack of participatory management

Reference:

- Lanka Water Partnership (LWP), Sri Lanka, WAC(5), March 2003.
- Institute for Development of Community Strengths. (INDECOS), Sri Lanka, WAC(17), March 2003.
- Co-Operative Thrift and Credit Society (SANASA)- THUNKORALE, Sri Lanka, WAC(1), March 2003.
- NGOs Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Service, Sri Lanka, WAC(14), March 2003.

8

Lack of adequate WRM

Reference:

- Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka, WAC(3), March 2003.

9

Lack of funding

Reference:

- National Water Supply and Drainage Board of Sri Lanka, WAC(18), March 2003.
Lack of water education and public awareness
Reference:
- Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF), Sri Lanka , WAC(4), March 2003.
- Irrigation Department of Sri Lanka, WAC(3), March 2003.
- National Water Supply and Drainage Board of Sri Lanka, WAC(18), March 2003.
- Institute for Development of Community Strengths. (INDECOS), Sri Lanka, WAC(17), March 2003.
- NGOs Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Service, Sri Lanka, WAC(14), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Tajikistan

1

Transboundary water conflict

Reference:

- http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/projectshowreport.cfm?reportid=668

2

Participatory management (lack of water for food due lack of land management issue)

Reference:

- UN report, by Tojiddin Rahimov, Tajikistan, WAC(1), March 2003.
- UN report, by Tojiddin Rahimov, Tajikistan, WAC(2), March 2003.
- UN report, by Tojiddin Rahimov, Tajikistan, WAC(3), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Thailand

1

Lack of adequate water Resources management and stable water supply

Reference:

- The population and community development asociation (PDA), Thailand, WAC report(6), March 2003
- POPULATION & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, Thailand, WAC(5), March 2003.
- The Coordinating Committee for Protection of the Ping River and Environment (CCPE), Thailand, WAC(4), March 2003.
- The Population and Community Development Association (PDA), Thailand, WAC(6), March 2003.

2

Decline of surface and ground water quality

Reference:

- The Coordinating Committee for Protection of the Ping River and Environment (CCPE), Thailand, WAC(4), March 2003.
- IWMI-SEA, Thailand, WAC(3), March 2003.

3

Watershed, lakes and river water quality and ecosystem deterioration due to agricultural, industrial and other human factors.

Reference:

- Community Development for Sustainable Environment Association-CDSEA, THAILAND, WAC(1), March 2003.
- The Coordinating Committee for Protection of the Ping River and Environment (CCPE), Thailand, WAC(4), March 2003.
- IWMI-SEA, Thailand, WAC(3), March 2003.

4

Lack of adequate WRM associated with irregular rainfall distribution

Reference:

- POPULATION & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION, Thailand, WAC(5), March 2003.
- The Coordinating Committee for Protection of the Ping River and Environment (CCPE), Thailand, WAC(4), March 2003.
- The Population and Community Development Association (PDA), Thailand, WAC(6), March 2003.

5

Inappropriate agriculture activities

Reference:

- The Coordinating Committee for Protection of the Ping River and Environment (CCPE), Thailand, WAC(4), March 2003.

6

Land slide erosion

Reference:

- The Coordinating Committee for Protection of the Ping River and Environment (CCPE), Thailand, WAC(4), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

 

Uzbekistan

1

Scarcity of water resources (alternate drought)

Reference:

- Bio ecology Institute of Karakalpakstan branch of Academy of Science, Uzbekistan, WAC(3), March 2003.

2

Deterioration of surface and ground water quality for agriculture and urban supply:

Reference:

- “Ecohalos” Society, Uzbekistan, “ground water salinity”, WAC(1), March 2003.

3

Lack of adequate WRM including initiatives of water conservation

Reference:

- International Water Management Institute – Central Asia and Caucasus Sub Office (IWMI-CAC), Uzbekistan, WAC(4), March 2003.
- Bio ecology Institute of Karakalpakstan branch of Academy of Science, Uzbekistan, WAC(3), March 2003.
- Scientific-Information Center of Interstate Commission for Water Coordination of the Central Asia (SIC ICWC), Uzbekistan, WAC(5), March 2003.

4

Watershed, lakes and river water quality and ecosystem deterioration

Reference:

- International Water Management Institute – Central Asia and Caucasus Sub Office (IWMI-CAC), Uzbekistan, WAC(4), March 2003.
- “Children and Adults”, Uzbekistan, WAC(2), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Vietnam

1

Lack of access to safe drinking water

Reference:

- International Development Enterprises (IDE) Vietnam, WAC(1), March 2003.

2

Water management and water pollution:

Reference:

- reported by XinHua news Agency (March 22, 2002): http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-03/22/content_327840.htm

3

Watershed, lakes and river water quality and ecosystem deterioration

Reference:

- Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations in Vietnam, WAC(2), March 2003.

4

Flood disaster

Reference:

- Reliefweb News, 25 Sept 2002, http://www.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/0/634211aded6cffb085256c3f005904f5?OpenDocument

 

目次へ