■アジアの水
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　そのため、アジア・モンスーン地域特有の水問題があり、特に洪水や旱魃、水質汚染による影響はアジアの途上国における貧困、経済発展の障害、環境破壊の一因ともなっています。
　まず手始めに、アジアの水問題の基礎知識として、主に海外のWEBで入手した情報ソースから、各国の水事情をまとめてみました。興味がある方はご覧ください。

 

 

 

 

Water Problems in Asian Regions

 

Asia　General

India

Nepal

 

Afghanistan 

Indonesia

Pakistan 

 

Azerbaijan 

Kazakhstan

  Philippine

 

Bangladesh

Korea 

Sri Lanka 

 

Bhutan

Kyrgyzstan

Tajikistan

 

Cambodia 

    LAO PDR

Uzbekistan

 

China 

Malaysia

Vietnam  

 

       

Mongolia

   

 

Myanmar

 

 

Asia General

1

Costal contamination and risk on marine habitat due to lack of sewage system and other impact of human settlement (include India/ /Bangladesh/ /Sri Lanka/ /Maldives/ /Pakistan/ and several coastal zones): UN publication.

Reference：

UN publication.http://www.wri.org/wri/wri/wdces/as87_167.html

2

Central Asia: Water and Conflict: Competition for water is increasing in Central Asia at an alarming rate, adding tension to what is already an uneasy region. An annual cycle of disputes has developed between the three downstream countries - Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan - that are all heavy consumers of water for growing cotton, and the upstream nations - Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The reports identify the 1) lack of coherent water management; 2) failure to abide by or adapt water quotas; 3) Non-implemented and untimely barter agreements and payments; 4) uncertainty over future infrastructure plans.

Reference：

ICG (International crisis Group) report, May 3, 2002. http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/projectshowreport.cfm?reportid=668

 

目次へ

 

Afghanistan

1

Water scarcity: many regions in Afghanistan suffer from long period of droughts resulting in high level of mortality and health problems especially among women and children.

Reference：

a-Katachel e. V. Asociation for Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan, WAC report, March 2003.
b-Afghanistan: Water a serious problem nationwide, UN ECHO report,

2

Inadequate or lack of sewerage systems: For all its other problems, Afghanistan hasome serious environmental isues including sewage treatment.

Reference：

a-ENN (Environmental News Network), report of March 26, 2003.
b-UNEP, Post-Conflict Asesment Unit, report Afghanistan Post-Conflict Environmental Asesment, online at http://postconflict.unep.ch/actafghasesment.htm and http://www.useu.be/Terrorism/Afghanistan%20Future/Jan3002AfghanEnvironmentUN.html

3

Water conflict with Iran on sharing the river,

Reference：

a-Oleg Petrov (Development Gateway), “Water Res. in Afghanistan”, online at http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/134111/sdm/docview?docid=483924
b-Water Dom, online report, http://www.waterdome.net/News&Bg/Newsql/wwwnone_news_1.asp?PIDNews=52

4

Ecologic problem: Plans from Japan for water projects in Afghanistan have also included the Aral Sea, which ecologists in Kazakhstan (who already have their own plan for the Aral Sea) state that this could cause a catastrophe for the Central Asia region.

Reference：

Oleg Petrov (Development Gateway), “Water Res. in Afghanistan”, online at http://www.developmentgateway.org/node/134111/sdm/docview?docid=483924

 

目次へ

 

 

Azerbaijan

1

Inadequate sewerage systems:

Reference：

Sumgait Centre for Environmental Rehabilitation, WAC report (1), March 2003

2

Water Resources and supply scarcity in a number of regions in the country,

Reference：

Lighthouse Org., WAC report (2), March 2003.
- UNEP (UN Env. Prog. GRID Arendal), “State of the Environment Azerbaijan”, report online at http://www.grida.no/enrin/htmls/azer/soe/ecology/html/major_regional_problems.html

 

目次へ

 

 

Bangladesh

General

 

1

Women Perspectives of water related issues in order of ranking in National Water Management Plan (NWMP) in Bangladesh:
-Inadequate domestic water supply
-Water quality (arsenic, iron and other pollutants)
-Crisis for irrigation
-Poor drainage and water logging
-Scarcity of water in the dry season
-Water born diseases and other health problems (of women and childern)
-Lack of  environment in participating decision making proces
-Lack of flood proof water sources
-Lack of water sealed flood proof latrines
-Culture/capture fisheries
-Inadequate water for livestock, poultry population and kitchen gardening
-River erosion

Reference：

a-Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO), Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh, WAC report(14), March 2003.
b-In consultation with PSTC, the SIC identified WATSAN-related problems, including the state of the tube-well and the lack of a drainage and sewerage system, environmental sanitation, footpaths and waste disposal services.
c-Water Contamination: Arsenic and Fluoride Contamination: Water supply in Bangladesh is primarily based on groundwater sources. Major focal point for the environmental health disaster in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India, is groundwater contamination where millions of people are drinking ground water heavily contaminated with arsenic.

Reference for detail:

a-Disaster Relief: http://www.disasterrelief.org/Disasters/981116Arsenic/
b-West Bengal and Bangladesh Arsenic Crisis Information Center : http://www.bicn.com/acic/
c-British Geologic Survey:http://www.bgs.ac.uk/arsenic/bangladesh/datadownload.htm
d-Arsenic Crisis in Asian Region -UN workshop, online proceeding available.
e-United Nation University publications: Arsenic Crisis in Asian Region, online at: http://www.unu.edu/env/arsenic/TokyoWorkshop.htm-
-BANGLADESH UNNAYAN PARISHAD (BUP), WAC report(1),March 2003.
- Brotee Somaj Kallayan Sangstha, Bangladesh, WAC report(2),March 2003.
- Swallows Thanapara Development Society, WAC report(15),March 2003.

2

Floods: Floods also take a major toll on the country. Nearly two-thirds of Bangladesh is inundated every summer after heavier than normal monsoon rains. Coastal Flooding due to cyclone-driven storm surges have killed over a million people in the past three decades.

Reference for detail:

a-DISASTER RELIEF: http://www.disasterrelief.org/Disasters/981116Arsenic/
b-BANGLADEH ENVIRONMENT NETWORK (BEN): http://www.ben-center.org/backgrou.htm (reports link)
c-Gonoshasthaya  Kendra center, Bangladesh WAC report(4), March 2003.

3

International Water Conflict with India: application of the 1996 Granges water treaty,

Reference:

- South Asian Forum of Young Researchers, Bangladesh, WAC report March 2003.
- Gonoshasthaya Kendra center, Bangladesh WAC report(4), March 2003.

4

Lack of adequate water laws and policy for WRM both for irrigation water right and urban supply.

Reference:

- Krisoker Saar (Farmers' Voice), Bangladesh, WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Water Resources Planning Organization(WARPO), Ministry of Water Resources, Bangladesh, WAC report(14), March 2003.
- PROSHIKA : A Centre for Human Development (see web: www.proshika.org), WAC report(10), March 2003.

5

Lack of access to safe water

Reference:

- GREEN HILL, Bangladesh, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- VILLAGE EDUCATION RESOURCE CENTER (VERC), Bangladesh, WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Population Services and Training Center (PSTC), WAC report(9), March 2003.
- Association for Advancement of Information Technology (AAIT), Bangladesh, WAC(10), March 2003.

6

Lack of drainage and sewerage systems (environmental sanitation)

Source:

- POPULATION SERVICES AND TRAINING CENTER (PSTC), WAC report(9), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

 

Bhutan

1

Lack of access to safe water

Reference:

- Singye Karm (Sherubtse Nature Club), Sherubtse College, Kanglung Bhutan, WAC report(1), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

Cambodia

1

Flood affected by the Mekong River flooding during the monsoon season heavily affecting agricultural development.

Reference:

- Cambodian Farmer's Association for Agricultural Development (CAMFAD), WAC report(1), March 2003.

2

Scarcity of water resource

Reference:

- International Development Enterprises (IDE), Cambodia, WAC report(4), March 2003.
- Prey Veng Irrigation Office (PVIO), formerly known as Farmers Participation in Irrigation Development (FPID), WAC report(5).

3

Lack of access to safe water only 27% rural Cambodian have access to safe water, and only 11% have safe water at home, resulting in dramatic consequences on the health of the villagers. They are often victims of water born diseases as diarrhea, typhoid fever, scabies, dengue fever and itch.

Reference:

- Cambodian Farmer's Association for Agricultural Development (CAMFAD), WAC report(1), March 2003.
- Development et Education pour l'Eau Potable ( DEEP), WAC report(2), March 2003.
- GRET-KOSAN, Cambodian, WAC report(3), March 2003.
- International Development Enterprises (IDE), Cambodia, WAC report(4), March 2003.

4

Lack of participatory management in WRM

Reference:

- Cambodian Farmer's Association for Agricultural Development (CAMFAD), WAC report(1), March 2003.
- Prey Veng Irrigation Office (PVIO), formerly known as Farmers Participation in Irrigation Development (FPID), WAC report(5), March 2003.

5

Water quality degradation due to Arsenic contamination:

Reference:

- The United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF), report by Phnom Penh 17 July 2003.
- The University of Maine Civil and Environmental Engineering, online report on Arsenic problems around the globe http://www.umeciv.maine.edu/MacRae/where_is_arsenic_a_problem.htm
- United Nation University, Session report on Arsenic Problem in the 3rd world at the WWF3,  Kyoto March 2003, online at http://www.unu.edu/env/Arsenic/WWFSession.htm

6

New adopted privatization process

Reference:

- GRET-KOSAN Cambodian, WAC report(3), March 2003.
- Prey Veng Irrigation Office (PVIO), formerly known as Farmers Participation in Irrigation Development (FPID), WAC report(5), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

China

1

Water quality degradation leading to waterborne disease (such as Arsenic and fluoride contaminations).

Reference:

- Fluoride and Arsenic Research Center, China Medical University, WAC report(4), March 2003.
- Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, China, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- Xiaoreshui Village Committee, Xiangzhou County, WAC report(18), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.
- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China , WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Keepers of the Waters (NGO), China, WAC report(11), March 2003.
- Guangxi Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, China WAC report(9), March 2003.

2

Water scarcity for urban water supply and irrigation: mainly in poor villages and hilly regions where many small farmers still live in poverty

Reference:

- Gongcheng County Epidemic Prevention Station (EPS), WAC report(6), March 2003.
- International Development Enterprises Org., China, WAC report(10), March 2003.
- Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, China, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- Furong Village Committee, Longsheng County, China, WAC report(15), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.
- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Guangxi Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, China WAC report(9), March 2003.

3

Lack and/or inadequate sanitation and sewerage systems: mainly in poor villages:

Reference:

- Gongcheng County Epidemic Prevention Station (EPS), WAC report(6), March 2003.
- Jinhua City Institute for Research of Eco-Eoilet, Zhejiang province, China, WAC report(20), March 2003.
- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China , WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Guangxi Patriotic Health Campaign Committee, China WAC report(9), March 2003.

4

Lack of access to safe drinking water

Reference:

- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, WAC Report(13), March 2003.

5

Industrial and agricultural wastewater pollution contaminating drinking water supply sources.

Reference:

- NGO Greener Beijing, China, WAC report(8), March 2003.

6

Flood disasters, mudslide and soil-water erosion

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.

7

Drought disasters

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Gansu Research Institute for Water Conservancy, China, WAC report(5), March 2003.
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.

8

Lack of integrated watershed management frameworks and policies

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.

10

Watershed and wetland degradation including River and Lack pollution

Reference:

- Green Watershed Org., WAC report(7), March 2003.
- Peihong Minority High School, China, WAC report(19), March 2003.
- Research Group for Forest Hydrology and Water Resources Management, China, WAC report(17), March 2003
- Mountain-River-Lake Development Office, WAC report(14), March 2003.

11

Poor water education and public awareness

Reference:

- Keepers of the Waters (NGO), China, WAC report(11), March 2003.
- Laibin County Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project Office (Laibin RWSS Project Office), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China , WAC report(13), March 2003.
- Research Center for Eco-environment Sciences, China Academy of Sciences (RCEES-CAS), China, WAC report(16), March 2003.

 

目次へ

 

India

1

Drought and scarcity of water

Reference:

- Rainwater Club, Bangalore, India, WAC report(44), March 2003.
- Rashtriya Seva Samithi (RASS), India, WAC report(45), March 2003.
- KERALA RURAL WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION AGENCY (KRWSA), India, WAC report(47), March 2003.
- Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology & Research Academy (SASTRA), India, WAC Report(51), March 2003.
- SOCIETY FOR PARTICIPATORY DEVELOPMENT (SPD), WAC report(55), March 2003.
- Society for Social Development(SOSOD), India WAC(58), March 2003.
- Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR), India, WAC(68), March 2003.
- YOUTH CHARITABLE ORGANISATION (YCO), India, WAC(70), March 2003.
- JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY, NEW DELHI, India, WAC(35), March 2003.
- KRG RAINWATER HARVESTING FOUNDATION, India, WAC(36), March 2003.
- WORLD ASSEMBLY OF YOUTH, India, WAC(76), March 2003.